Cobalt ke tšepe e sebelisoang libeteri tse ngata tsa likoloi tsa motlakase.Litaba ke hore Tesla o tla sebelisa libeteri tsa "cobalt-free", empa cobalt ke "mohloli" oa mofuta ofe?Ke tla akaretsa tsebo ea motheo eo u batlang ho e tseba.
Lebitso la eona ke Conflict Minerals e Nkiloeng ho Demon
Na u tseba element cobalt?Ha e na feela ka libeteri tsa likoloi tsa motlakase (EVs) le li-smartphone, empa hape e sebelisoa ka li-alloys tsa tšepe tsa cobalt tse sa keneleng mocheso tse kang li-jet engines le li-drill bits, li-magnets bakeng sa libui, 'me, ho makatsang, ho hloekisa oli.Cobalt e reheletsoe ka "Kobold," phoofolo ea tonanahali e atisang ho hlaha litšōmong tsa mahlale a chankana, 'me ho ne ho lumeloa Europe ea mehleng ea khale hore ba ne ba lahlela boselamose merafong ho etsa litšepe tse thata le tse chefo.ee ho joalo.
Hona joale, hore na ho na le liphoofolo tsa litonanahali morafong kapa che, cobalt e chefo 'me e ka baka likotsi tse tebileng tsa bophelo bo botle joalo ka pneumoconiosis haeba u sa apare lisebelisoa tse nepahetseng tsa ho itšireletsa.'Me le hoja Democratic Republic of Congo e hlahisa karolo e fetang halofo ea cobalt ea lefats'e, morafo o monyenyane (Artisanal mine) moo batho ba futsanehileng ba se nang mesebetsi ba cheka mekoti ka lisebelisoa tse bonolo ntle le koetliso leha e le efe ea tšireletso.), Likotsi tsa ho putlama li etsahala khafetsa, bana ba qobelloa ho sebetsa nako e telele ka moputso o tlase oa li-yen tse ka bang 200 ka letsatsi, esita le Amatsu ke mohloli oa chelete bakeng sa lihlopha tse hlometseng, kahoo cobalt e bapa le khauta, tungsten, tin, le tantalum., e ile ea bitsoa liminerale tsa ntoa.
Leha ho le joalo, ka ho ata ha li-EV le libeteri tsa lithium-ion, lilemong tsa morao tjena lik'hamphani tsa lefats'e li qalile ho batlisisa hore na cobalt e hlahisoang ke litsela tse sa lokelang, ho kenyelletsa le ketane ea phepelo ea cobalt oxide le cobalt hydroxide, e sebelisoa.
Ka mohlala, linatla tsa betri CATL le LG Chem li kenya letsoho ho "Responsible Cobalt Initiative (RCI) e etelletsoeng pele ke Chaena", haholo-holo e sebetsang ho felisa mosebetsi oa bana.
Ka selemo sa 2018, Fair Cobalt Alliance (FCA), mokhatlo oa khoebo oa cobalt fair, o thehiloe e le mohato oa ho khothaletsa pepeneneng le ho nepahala ha ts'ebetso ea merafo ea cobalt.Barupeluoa ba kenyelletsa Tesla, e sebelisang libeteri tsa lithium-ion, ho qala EV ea Jeremane Sono Motors, senatla sa lisebelisoa tsa Switzerland Glencore, le Huayu Cobalt oa China.
Ha re sheba Japane, Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd., e rekisang thepa e ntle ea li-electrode bakeng sa libeteri tsa lithium-ion ho Panasonic, e thehile "Leano la Boikarabello ba Theko ea Cobalt Raw Materials" ka Phato 2020 mme ba qala ka boitelo le ho beha leihlo.tlase.
Nakong e tlang, kaha lik'hamphani tse kholo li tla thakhola merero ea merafo e laoloang ka nepo ka ho latellana, basebetsi ba tla tlameha ho ipeha kotsing le ho itahlela merafong e menyenyane, 'me tlhoko e tla fokotseha butle-butle.
Ho hlakile hore ho haella ha cobalt
Hona joale, palo ea li-EV e ntse e le nyenyane, ka kakaretso ea limilione tse 7 feela, ho akarelletsa le limilione tse 2,1 tse rekisoang lefatšeng ka bophara ka 2019. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, palo eohle ea likoloi tsa enjene lefatšeng ho thoe ke 1 limilione tse likete kapa 1,3 limilione tse likete, 'me haeba likoloi tsa peterole li ka felisoa 'me tsa nkeloa sebaka ke li-EV nakong e tlang, ho tla hlokahala palo e kholo ea cobalt cobalt oxide le cobalt hydroxide.
Kakaretso ea cobalt e sebelisitsoeng libeteri tsa EV ka 2019 e ne e le lithane tse 19,000, ho bolelang hore karolelano ea 9 kg ea cobalt e ne e hlokahala koloing ka 'ngoe.Ho etsa li-EV tse limilione tse likete tse 1 ka lik'hilograma tse 9 ho hloka lithane tse limilione tse 9 tsa cobalt, empa mehloli eohle ea lefatše ke lithane tse limilione tse 7.1 feela, 'me joalokaha ho boletsoe qalong, lithane tse 100,000 liindastering tse ling selemo se seng le se seng.Kaha ke tšepe e sebelisoang haholo, e bonahala e fokotsehile kamoo e leng kateng.
Thekiso ea EV e lebelletsoe ho hola ka makhetlo a leshome ka 2025, ka tlhoko ea selemo le selemo ea lithane tse 250,000, ho kenyeletsoa libeteri tsa koloi, li-alloys tse khethehileng le lits'ebeliso tse ling.Leha tlhoko ea EV e ka fokotsoa, e tla felloa ke mehloli eohle e tsebahalang hajoale nakong ea lilemo tse 30.
Khahlanong le semelo sena, bahlahisi ba betri ba sebetsa ka thata bosiu le motšehare mabapi le mokhoa oa ho fokotsa bongata ba cobalt.Mohlala, libeteri tsa NMC tse sebelisang nickel, manganese, le cobalt li ntse li ntlafatsoa ke NMC111 (nickel, manganese, le cobalt ke 1: 1. Palo ea cobalt e fokotsehile butle ho tloha ho 1: 1) ho ea ho NMC532 le NMC811, le NMC9. 5.5 (karo-karolelano ea cobalt ke 0.5) hajoale e ntse e ntlafatsoa.
NCA (nickel, cobalt, aluminium) e sebelisoang ke Tesla e na le "cobalt content" e fokotsehileng ho 3%, empa Model 3 e hlahisoang Chaena e sebelisa betri ea lithium iron phosphate (LFP) e se nang cobalt.Ho boetse ho na le limaraka tse amohetsoeng.Leha LFP e le tlase ho NCA mabapi le ts'ebetso, e na le likarolo tsa thepa e theko e tlase, phepelo e tsitsitseng, le bophelo bo bolelele.
'Me ho "Tesla Battery Day" e reriloeng ho tloha ka 6:30 hoseng ka la 23 Loetse 2020 ka nako ea China, ho tla phatlalatsoa betere e ncha e se nang cobalt,' me e tla qala tlhahiso ea bongata ka Panasonic ka lilemo tse 'maloa.E lebelletsoe.
Ka tsela, Japane, "litšepe tse sa tloaelehang" le "lefatše le sa tloaelehang" hangata li ferekanngoa.Litšepe tse sa tloaelehang li sebelisoa indastering hobane "ho boloka phepelo e tsitsitseng ho bohlokoa ho latela leano har'a litšepe tseo bongata ba tsona lefatšeng bo sa tloaelehang kapa ho leng thata ho bo ntša ka lebaka la mabaka a botekgeniki le a moruo (Lekala la Moruo, Khoebo le Liindasteri)".Ke tšepe e se nang ferrous e sebelisoang hangata, 'me ke lentsoe le akaretsang la mefuta e 31 e kenyeletsang lithium, titanium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, platinum, le lefats'e le sa tloaelehang.Ho tsena, mafatše a sa tloaelehang a bitsoa lefatše le sa tloaelehang, 'me mefuta e 17 e kang neodymium le dysprosium e sebelisetsoang limakete tse sa feleng li hlalosoa.
Ka morao ho khaello ea lisebelisoa tsa cobalt, tšepe ea cobalt le phofo, le metsoako ea cobalt joalo ka cobaltous chloride esita le hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride e haella.
Phomolo e nang le boikarabelo ho tloha ho cobalt
Ha ts'ebetso e hlokahalang bakeng sa li-EV e ntse e eketseha, ho lebeletsoe hore libeteri tse sa hlokeng cobalt, tse kang li-battery-solid-state le libeteri tsa lithium-sulfur, li tla fetoha nakong e tlang, kahoo ka lehlohonolo ha re nahane hore lisebelisoa li tla fela. .Leha ho le joalo, seo se bolela hore tlhoko ea cobalt e tla putlama kae-kae.
Phetoho e tla tla ka lilemo tse 5 ho isa ho tse 10 qalong, 'me lik'hamphani tse kholo tsa merafo li leqe ho etsa matsete a nako e telele ho cobalt.Leha ho le joalo, hobane re bona bofelo, re batla hore basebetsi ba morafong ba sebakeng seo ba tlohe sebakeng se sireletsehileng sa ho sebetsa ho feta pele ho bubble ea cobalt.
'Me libeteri tsa likoloi tsa motlakase tse ntseng li le' marakeng li boetse li hloka ho tsosolosoa ka mor'a hore li qete mosebetsi oa tsona lilemo tse 10 ho isa ho tse 20 hamorao, e leng Redwood e thehiloeng ke Sumitomo Metals le mookameli oa mehleng oa theknoloji oa Tesla JB Strobel.-Materials le ba bang ba se ba thehile theknoloji ea ho hlaphoheloa ea cobalt 'me ba tla e sebelisa hape ka lisebelisoa tse ling.
Esita le haeba tlhokahalo ea lisebelisoa tse ling e eketseha ka nakoana ts'ebetsong ea ho iphetola ha likoloi tsa motlakase, re tla tobana le botsitso le litokelo tsa botho tsa basebetsi ka tieo joaloka cobalt, 'me re ke ke ra reka khalefo ea Kobolts e laletseng ka lehaheng.Ke kopa ho phethela pale ena ka tšepo ea ho ba sechaba.